Britain´s First and Only Female Prime Minister - 1173 Words

3.Life after politics Shortly after her resignation, she was appointed to the House of Lords, as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, in 1992. In this period, she wrote two books, ‘The Downing Street Years’ and ‘The Path to Power’, published in 1993 and 1995, respectively, both describing her political career. For the first few years after leaning the office she remained extremely active as a public speaker. However, after the death of her husband and one of her dear friends, Ronald Reagan, she became a recluse. Her office in the House of Lords was permanently closed in July 2011, this was the end of her political and public life. In 2002, Thatcher`s book, ‘Statecraft’ was published, in which she descriped her views on international politics. Although she delivered the occasional speech in Britain, her energies were mainly occupied by foreign affairs. She criticized the West’s indifference to the genocide in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Her status rema ined extraordinarily high in the United States, where she was worshipd as one of the greatest figures of the 20th century. There and in Asia she regularly spoke for large sums to supportive audiences. She raised money for her own Margaret Thatcher Foundation, which spent it on aiding foreign students, on funding a Chair of Enterprise Studies at Cambridge, and on other worthy causes. Margaret Thatcher published two volumes of memoirs. The first, The Downing Street Years (1993), was about her time as Prime Minister. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay on Margaret Hilda Thatcher1538 Words   |  7 Pagesruled her life from the time she was a small child in Grantham, though her Oxford years and during her early years in politics. It led her to become the first female Prime Minister of Great Britain, and also helped through her difficult political years as quot;Attila the Hunquot;. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Britains first female Prime Minister was born on October 13, 1925 in a small room over a grocers shop in Grandham, England. Margaret Hilda was the second daughter of Alfred and Beatrice RobertsRead MoreLeaving The Eu Essay774 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the First Minister of Scotland and the British Prime Minister, both of whom are females, the Daily Mail ran a cover titled, â€Å"Never mind Brexit, who won Legs-it!†. Next to the title was a picture of the two diplomats sitting next to each other during their meeting, both dressed in skirt suits. Instead of focusing on their discussion topics and the outcome of the meeting, Daily mail chose to ignore the conversation and focus on the physical attributes of Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of ScotlandRead MoreOutline the major contextual changes that have impacted upon the management of people in the last 30 years?1612 Words   |  7 Pagesattention on former United Kingdom Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher and its effect of her management on employment, union and economy. Personnel Management is concerned with assisting those who run work organisations to meet their purposes through the obtaining of the work efforts of human beings, the exploitation of those efforts and the dispensing with of those efforts when they are no longer required (Watson, 1986). Margaret Thatcher was the British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and she madeRead MoreDemocracy Is The Worst Form Of Government2030 Words   |  9 Pagescontrol the actions of Ministers who are their servants and not their masters.’ (Churchill, W 1947) However, Is Britain really a democracy? Britain is a constitutional monarchy with a Westminster style type of government. The government is run by the prime minister who selects all the other ministers for his cabinet. There is a bi cameral parliament with a fully elected house of commons and a wholly unelected upper house of lords. This does tend to suggest that yes Britain is a democracy howeverRead MoreThe Elizabethan Age And The Victorian Age1611 Words   |  7 Pagesbe well-known for his works, or to explore the Victorian Age which lasted for nearly sixty-four years, wherein the British Empire reached the height of its wealth and power?’ The indecision of choosing either Age, both important in the history of Britain, led to weighing the more informative of the two in the fields of the country’s military, government, economy, social hierarchy, and roles of men and women during the rule of Queen Elizabeth I or Queen Victoria; the Elizabethan Age and the VictorianRe ad MoreThe First Female Prime Minister1026 Words   |  5 PagesThe first female Prime minister is elected in Britain, in 1979. Her name is Margaret Thatcher. She serves three consecutive terms until the year 1990. When in office, she begins to enact strict and conservative laws and policies among the middle and lower population of Britain, therefore single handedly destroying Britain’s manufacturing industry, leading to mass unemployment. Conservatives keep cutting back on necessities to meet tax demands, under her watch and say; which led up to the introductionRead MoreThe Lady s Not For Turning1974 Words   |  8 PagesTo those waiting with bated breath for that favorite media catchphrase, the U-turn, I have only one thing to say: You turn if you want to. The lady s not for turning. -Margaret Thatcher at the 1980 Conservative Party Conference in Brighton Britain emerged as one of the victors of World War II and became a founding member of the United Nations with a permanent seat on the Security Council. However, it lost the title of global superpower, easily demonstrated by the Indian movementRead MoreThe Organizational Change Using Theories Of Organisational Change1642 Words   |  7 Pages(Tushman Romanelli, 1985). However, change is not commonly an issue of reacting to triggers; organisations could figure tendencies and chances, and be proactive through managing change (Huczynski Buchanan, 2013). To make this phenomenon clear, first, the purpose of this paper provides the analysis about the organisational change using theories of organisational change. Another part aims to evaluate and discuss the principles of effective change management in organisations. People with the effortRead MoreThe During The First World War3114 Words   |  13 PagesReaction to the war: †¢ During the First World War, Australia supported Great Britain which meant that Australia was also at war. The conflict had an impact on Australia as a young nation, the following information are just some of the issues that Australia dealt with. The outbreak of war was met with huge enthusiastic support for Britain and for Australia to support by being part of the war. Support came in the form of political parties, churches, the newspapers and community leaders who felt thatRead MoreClass Stratification And Social Stratification1485 Words   |  6 Pageswhose members have different social, economic or educational statuses e.g. working class and middle class. A good example of class stratification is the United Kingdom which has a small percent of elite at the top i.e. the royal family and the prime minister and the mass on the bottom i.e. working class people, this is what’s called a hierarchy (which is a system which members of an organisation or society which is ra nked to relative status or authority.) Despite being a hierarchy the U.K. works on

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Time Management and Their...

Introduction This Assignment will discuss the Strengths and Weaknesses of Time Management and their relationship with Stress in the Workplace, and how Stress affects the achievement of Personal and Team Goals. I intend to show how good time management can reduce stress and will base my findings on information I have gathered and a questionnaire I have written for my colleagues while giving examples of both good and bad time management The Report will outline causes, symptoms and support available for Stress. This will be done by setting SMART objectives with the intention of reducing stress and improving productivity through use of good time and Stress management techniques. Main Body †¢ Know how to use effective personal time†¦show more content†¦This leads to productive team working and increase the profitability of the business †¢ Make sure all jobs are covered in the Production plan – ensures nothing is missed and that less than 5% of deliveries are late. This increases chance of repeat orders with customers and reliability of the business. Confidence is high in the team †¢ Increase knowledge of Risks Associated with the Manufacturing Process –Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Strengths and Weaknesses1022 Words   |  4 Pagesis often useful to consider ones strengths and weak nesses across four dimensions. These include personal and professional accountability, career planning, personal journey disciplines and reflect practice reference behaviors and tenets. The intent of this analysis is to evaluate my strengths and weaknesses in each of these four areas. In addition, a discussion will be completed on how current leadership skill sets will be used for advocating change in my workplace. The conclusion of the paper willRead MoreThe Personality Assessment Inventory Tests1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe personality assessment inventory tests provide results on my individual personality, values, motivation, decision making, communication, team skills, conflict skills, organizational structure preference, and stress. These results are broken down b riefly in three parts and do not include any personal speculation or analysis as to their meaning. The application of these results are further applied and explains how the results noted from the tests and in the first step will make me a better employeeRead MoreThe Jackson Learning Style Profiler Model1077 Words   |  5 Pageson my own intrapersonal strengths as well as weaknesses. In addition, I will be using the Jackson Learning Style Profiler model. Last but not least, I will set goals along the way for my professional development, which I need to undertake in order to be more mentally and physically prepared in my career path as a Financial Controller. 2.0 Intrapersonal Effectiveness Intrapersonal Effectiveness is defined as, understanding yourself in terms of your strengths, weaknesses, goals, style, biases andRead MoreBSHS465LeahPerryWk1AnalysisVidPaper1177 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Awareness Analysis An emotionally intelligent individual manages personal situations and relationships with balance and care. Daniel Goleman, a psychologist and author, believes the four domains of emotional intelligence are self-awareness, self-management, empathy, and the combination of the above. When these four domains work congruently it stabilizes an individual in both work and home relationship (Goleman, 2013). A human service worker offers an effective service to the client when sociallyRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStrengths My mother and grandma both suffered from pancreatic cancer. The cancer had caused them both to get depression, I didn’t see my mom dealing with depression, but I have watched my grandma go through it. Watching my grandma go through it, I realized that I wanted to help. In Indian communities, mental health is frowned upon. People talk about it as a joke, and they don’t think it is a big deal. So, my goal is to make sure people like my grandma get help, and never should be treated with disrespectRead MoreEssay about Personal Strengths and Weaknesses1328 Words   |  6 Pagestable. This brings to to discuss personal strengths and weaknessess within myself and my everyday living. Personal strengths are areas where we tend to excel, and seem to express above average. Personal Weaknesses to me are areas where we would like to excel but seem to still need improvement. If I can, let me share with you my strengths and weaknesses and see how they effect my everyday being. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lets begin with my personal strengths. To me these are areas where I think IRead MorePersonal Strengths and Weaknesses1336 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent to the table. This brings to to discuss personal strengths and weaknessess within myself and my everyday living. Personal strengths are areas where we tend to excel, and seem to express above average. Personal Weaknesses to me are areas where we would like to excel but seem to still need improvement. If I can, let me share with you my strengths and weaknesses and see how they effect my everyday being. Lets begin with my personal strengths. To me these are areas where I think I excel and haveRead MoreLeadership Styles And Views On Effective Leadership1382 Words   |  6 Pagesto his strength in this area in several instances in which his flexibility to solve problems made up for Petrou’s errors. He also critiques Petrou’s leadership ability because of a lack of flexibility as the case says, â€Å"†¦what Keller saw as an almost total incapacity to react to problems expeditiously.† Furthermore, given his contingency perspective, Keller feels that this situation requires the leaders to operate in a face-to-face manner. As a result, he believes Petrou’s distant management styleRead MoreI Am A Moderate Activist, Strong Preference Reflector, Low Preference Theorist And Moderate Pragmatist Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesa person perform less due to the stress levels of ticking the right choice (Susan J., 2000). In other words, though anyone doesn†™t copy,still it’s a form of cheating to achieve the place in a company. According to the results above I discover that in the MBTI, I have scored less in extroversion personality, sensing, thinking and judging. I can improve my scores by associating myself with different activities and by doing quizzes for thinking. My stress management indicator shows that I need developmentRead More Analysis of Company: Perdue Farm Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesegg market by adding a new chicken coop every year. Arthur’s son Frank joined the family business in 1939 after leaving school at the end of his the second year. In 1950 Frank took over leadership of Perdue Farms, which had over 40 employees at the time. During the 1970’s Perdue entered into new markets in Boston and Philadelphia and also opened a new processing plant in North Carolina. Shortly after this, in 1977 Arthur Perdue died, leaving behind a business who’s annual growth rate was 17 percent

Significant Role of IMC in Overall Marketing-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss how IMC plays a significant role in the overall Marketing and Business Strategy. Answer: Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is a marketing concept that has been used by different companies in the past. According to Adrian (2013), integrated marketing communication comprises of using different marketing strategies to optimize the communication of a consistent message of the organizations products to its stakeholders. The major aim of using this concept in businesses is to meld all aspects of marketing communication like sales promotions, advertising, public relations, social media and direct marketing through a mix of tactics, media, channels, and methods so that they can work together to meet the organizations marketing goals. IMC attempts to link the modern and traditional marketing strategies with the aim of establishing an efficient and reliable tool to convey a companys brands to its relevant stakeholders. One of the major purposes of IMC in an organization is developing and maintaining a positive customer-company relationship and therefore when developing this concept it is vital to thoroughly analyze and determine the target audience, who is this case should be the prospective customer (Camelia, 2012). IMC also assists companies in other different ways, like for example building good links with customers and communicating brand characteristics based on customer preferences. One of the Australian companies which have been utilizing IMC concept in their operations is coca cola. According to Daliborka (2016), this company has been incorporating this strategy with the primary aim of communicating with its target customers and to meet its marketing goals. Being a pioneer company which operates in not only Australia but also in other countries, coca cola realized it had to get in touch with its customers in order to create links which could increase customer loyalty. To succeed in this strategy in the Australian market, the company has been adapting IMC based on the society, the nature of the market, the potential, competition, product positioning, and so forth. In its operations, coca cola targets to be close to its consumers, to become part of their life, to become kind of ritual attached to specific moments. For this reason, the company uses IMC to meld different aspects of marketing communication to create emotions and a feeling of affiliation towards its consumers (Krisztina, 2016). Some of the tools of IMC which this company puts in utilization in the Australian market comprise of advertising, direct marketing, interactive marketing and social media, sales promotion and others. The company has been using emotional product communication through utilizing various tactics like creative storytelling and regular people endorsements from time to time as one way of connecting with the target audience in Australia. Coonawarra vignerons association is also among other many companies which use this concept to ensure they meet their marketing goals. One of the most vital marketing messages communicated by this company outwards to the external audiences is the regional brand image. According to Pauwels (2014), organizations such as Coonawarra vignerons association should prioritize communication in order to survive. Over the years, this company has been putting different aspects of marketing communication together in order to reach its customers. Different features like the nature of segmentation, targeting, and positioning of this company have enabled it to realize that IMC is ideal for its marketing strategies. According to Tybout Calder (2014), integrated marketing in this company has enabled it to realize unity of purpose, unity of goal, unity of process as well as unity of action. Some of the key communication channels which this company has been utilizing in its operations comprise of local media, radio and television, as well as print. Integrated marketing communication plays a significant role in overall marketing and business strategy in a number of ways. According to Krisztina, (2016), one of the major purposes of this concept is to communicate brand message to a larger audience, which helps an organization to create a positive relationship with its targets. The concept does this through melding all essential components of marketing to communicate a uniform message to the companys potential and existing customers. IMC is fundamental for not only business to business marketing but also for direct interaction with consumers (Pauwels, 2014). Companies which use this concept in their operations not only succeed in promoting their products or services among the target audience but also establish trust and loyalty which makes them to stick to their brands. Through IMC, similar message goes to the consumers simultaneously, which eventually creates a positive influence on them. The other importance of IMC is that it allows an organization to provide customers with information in the format they feel is best for them (Daliborka, 2016). For example, consumers can specify if they prefer to receive product information through direct mail, telephone, email and so forth. This concept also makes an organization to save costs because it enables the marketing professionals to use the same images and also adapt the same copy of different media, hence leading to the reduction of costs associated with different aspects like copy-writing photography, design and so forth. References Adrian. B. (2013). The Relationship between Integrated Marketing Communication and Brand Equity. International Journal of Communication Research, 3(1), 56-78. Camelia. M. (2012), Impact of Integrated Marketing Communication on Consumer Behaviour: Effects on Consumer Decision - Making Process. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(2), 123-134. Daliborka, N. L. (2016). Public Relation Based Model of Integrated Marketing Communications. UTMS Journal of Economics, 7(2), 70-90. Krisztina, U. S. (2016). Integrated Communication in the Marketing of Lifelong Learning Programmes. International Journal of Communication Research, 6(1), 78-90. Pauwels. k. (2014). It's Not the Size of the Data -- It's How You Use It: Smarter Marketing with Analytics and Dashboards. New York. American Management Association. Tybout, A. M. Calder, B. J. (2010). Kellogg on Marketing. Hoboken, NJ. Wiley

Working Effectively with Others free essay sample

Groups that are strategically formed and active will prosper though their endeavors. Creating a successful group can be seen as a difficult task. In reality, numerous factors must be accounted for in the process of organizing an efficient group for important situations and decisions. In his essay, â€Å"Small Change† Malcolm Gladwell states, â€Å"†¦if you’re taking on a powerful and organized establishment you have to be a hierarchy† (237). The group must create a thorough plan with objectives for each individual participating in order for all aspects to be controlled. In the essay, â€Å"Committees, Juries, and Teams†, James Surowiecki claims, â€Å"One of the real dangers that small groups face is emphasizing consensus over dissent† (476). Often groups feel the need to agree on their points of view. In each strong group, a â€Å"devil’s advocate† is an important role that must be filled. Instead of each person agreeing on every problem in question, one person must support the opposing side in order to reach a well thought out solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Effectively with Others or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, those in charge of the group consider the ideas presented and include their beliefs as well. As each person in the hierarchy states their opinion, the conclusions become stronger. Considering numerous perspectives and collecting evidence from different experiences strengthens the final decision. As Surowiecki explains, â€Å"Evidence-based juries usually don’t even take a vote until after they’ve spent some time talking over the case, sifting through the evidence, and explicitly contemplating alternative explanations. Verdict-based juries, by contrast, see their mission as reaching a decision as quickly and decisively as possible† (475). Coming to a solution takes time and effort from each group member. Juries decide whether someone on trial is guilty or not. The rest of that person’s life depends on the decision made by a group of people. The jury should always consider every bit of evidence as a crucial part of their conclusion while coming to a solid conclusion. Their goal should not be quick agreement by all members of the jury. Someone’s fate lies in their hands. The idea of â€Å"confirmation-bias† must be avoided at all costs. This concept enables individuals to quickly come to a conclusion just to confirm their personal intuition. To ensure a group will work effectively, the participants should be â€Å"cognitively diverse† and avoid â€Å"group polarization†. If all members have similar beliefs regarding the problem, after discussion their views will radicalize as they are fueling the fire. Surowiecki believes, â€Å"†¦in small groups, diversity of opinion is the single best guarantee that the group will reap benefits from face-to-face discussion† (478). Group members should come from divergent backgrounds. Therefore, their thought process and personal views are different from one another. The only similarity present should be the degree of dedication and connection to the situation at hand. Face-to-face communication creates a â€Å"strong-tie† within the group (Gladwell 233). A solid connection builds through body language and verbal interaction. High-risk groups are most effective and successful when they are strategically organized. If they are not, decisions made incorrectly can lead horrific outcomes. Suowiecki refers to the incident of NASA’s space shuttle, Columbia causing serious damage as he declares, â€Å"†¦small groups are ubiquitous in American life, and their decisions are consequential† (473). Although the shuttle did not make it home safely, the task itself was knowingly a high-risk factor. On the other hand, social networking websites do not demonstrate the â€Å"strong-ties† and all other aspects of a strategically organized group. Their actions do not make a serious impact in the world of activist groups. Difficulties arise as forming effective groups is a rare occurrence. Though in high-risk situations, it is simple to flourish if the groups are assembled correctly in order to be greater than the sum of their parts.

Free Essays on Ancestors Of The Modern Computer

Ancestors of the Modern Computer Today’s computers are used to do thousands of different tasks. They control and guide so many things that are important in current society. Computers make difficult tasks simpler, time consuming jobs shorter, and life in general easier. Man has always looked for some way to make their work quicker and easier. Probably, the first thing that ever started us in the direction conceiving the idea for the computer was the need for printing text and solving complicated mathematical calculations. Man’s first solution to making math simpler was the abacus, which is still used in some parts of the world today. Later inventions were machines with gears and wheels that could add and subtract, and ones that used punch cards to give the machine information. These instruments were not used widely, nor have any kind of an impact on their society. While they could have been put to good use, they were just little too ahead of their time. Printing and writing is another tedious task that computers simplify. Originally people had to copy entire books by hand so they could be circulated. This method would take up tremendous amounts of time. Later the idea for a printing press came about. Little letters would be etched into small wood or metal blocks. Ink would be put on the blocks and then transferred onto the paper. Even though this took less time it still took too much. First-Generation computers were first created in 1945. These machines were very large and used vacuum tubes which made the computer heat up quickly.... Free Essays on Ancestors Of The Modern Computer Free Essays on Ancestors Of The Modern Computer Ancestors of the Modern Computer Today’s computers are used to do thousands of different tasks. They control and guide so many things that are important in current society. Computers make difficult tasks simpler, time consuming jobs shorter, and life in general easier. Man has always looked for some way to make their work quicker and easier. Probably, the first thing that ever started us in the direction conceiving the idea for the computer was the need for printing text and solving complicated mathematical calculations. Man’s first solution to making math simpler was the abacus, which is still used in some parts of the world today. Later inventions were machines with gears and wheels that could add and subtract, and ones that used punch cards to give the machine information. These instruments were not used widely, nor have any kind of an impact on their society. While they could have been put to good use, they were just little too ahead of their time. Printing and writing is another tedious task that computers simplify. Originally people had to copy entire books by hand so they could be circulated. This method would take up tremendous amounts of time. Later the idea for a printing press came about. Little letters would be etched into small wood or metal blocks. Ink would be put on the blocks and then transferred onto the paper. Even though this took less time it still took too much. First-Generation computers were first created in 1945. These machines were very large and used vacuum tubes which made the computer heat up quickly....

How to use the active voice to power up your sentences

How to use the active voice to power up your sentences Power up with the active voice Watch Emphasis CEO Rob Ashton as he transforms a selection of real-life examples from our clients. He shows you how to give your business writing an instant power boost by switching your sentences from the passive voice to the active.

The benefits of training bank officials in Ethiopia Dissertation

The benefits of training bank officials in Ethiopia - Dissertation Example Studies on the banking sector in Ethiopia reveal consistent findings that service expectations of customers do not match perceived performance. Thus, with the aim to recommend a suitable strategy for an effective training program for bank employees in Ethiopia, three objectives were set in Chapter I. All three objectives have been achieved through qualitative secondary analysis of data. Several benefits of training have been identified which include enhancement of knowledge and skills, motivation and retention of employees, open and honest communication and promotion of the  interpersonal relationship. Training can improve service quality, spur growth and impact productivity. Shortcomings among bank staff have been identified through studies conducted by other researchers in Ethiopian banks. These include lack of soft skills among employees, lack of product-specific knowledge and skills. The level of education of employees is also not known which could impact the outcome. Based on the short comings and the literature and theories on training, factors that could contribute towards an effective training program on Ethiopia have been evaluated. These include evaluation of training needs which would have to be based on organizational mission and goals. In addition, training should be an ongoing process and should be kept in-house, while continuous monitoring and evaluation of the training interventions have also been found to be necessary. (Donovan, Hannigan & Crowe, 2001).

Nothing has color, color is false truth Term Paper

Nothing has color, color is false truth - Term Paper Example Through such introduction, our mind captures such information and is recoded in our minds, only to be retrieved later when the information is needed. The existence of colors on an object may be therefore an illusion as it does not exist in an object. In this thesis paper, a deeper examination is carried out on the validity of claiming that colors dont exist through an evaluation of numerous arguments on the same through past and current studies. Through numerous studies on colors, philosophers have argued on the existence of colors in an object, especially on skeptics of color on whether it exist or not. In my view, through what we learn about colors, an interpretation of the same is usually reflected immediately we the object associated with color. In the case of a tomato as discussed by Charles Landesman, the color red is used as a sample to explain on the assumption we tend to have color. To our understanding, we even anticipate on what we expect to see through our assumptions on what color is associated with which object. In this case, the belief that tomatoes are red is skeptical as this can be criticized through the underst anding our mind on the reason to which tomatoes may lack a color to be associated with (Werner p.215). Through the use of biological science, numerous scientific explanations can be used to explain the reasons we tend to perceive, that tomatoes are red in color. Similarly, there are several cases where our brain tends to give feedback that is direct to what we want to see. In most cases, this is based on the argument that when we set our minds in particular manner, we tend to get a similar interpretation of an object. In regards to a tomato being red, the chemical reactions of an object and the reflection of light may give a different meaning of an object. The majority of people may suggest on what they want to see, rather than the reality of an object. We tend to perceive things through our past experiences, especially on what has

Promotion and advertising strategies Essay Example for Free

Promotion and advertising strategies Essay In 1966, while sitting in a small diner, Rollin King, a Texas businessman presented his attorney, Herb Kelleher with an idea. The idea entailed creating a new airline, one that would offer low fares to passengers and would fly quickly between three cities: Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Together, they formed Southwest Airlines. Initially, the airline battled a number of obstacles from various competitors of that time, as the other airlines did not want to see a new competitor in the market who offered low cost flights to local areas. Despite various attempts made to keep Southwest a mere vision, they legally won the right to fly through the Supreme Court and began offering air service in 1971. AirTran Airways, formerly known as ValuJet Airlines, first began operating October 26, 1993. The Airline was renamed after the 1996 crash of ValuJet into the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 passengers and crew members on board. Since that time, AirTran has grown to be one of the most profitable airlines in the industry, offering service to more than 60 destinations across the United States, as well as to Mexico and the Caribbean. On September 27, 2010, AirTran Airways made a public announcement that they entered into agreement allowing Southwest Airlines to acquire them. Numerous entities report the reasons behind the acquisition are: to make Southwest a dominant competitor in the airline industry, â€Å"Southwest is following the trend in the industry: merge or acquire in order to stay alive and competitive† (Mouawad, 2010). In addition, the acquisition would allow Southwest to mark its presence in markets they were previously unable to penetrate, â€Å"The deal would expand Southwest’s network by 25 percent and give it its first international  destinations in the Caribbean and Mexico† (Mouawad, 2010). As relayed in a statement made by Bob Fornaro, AirTran Chairman, President and CEO on AirTran’s official website, â€Å"Joining Southwest Airlines will give us opportunities to grow, both professionally as individuals and as a group, in ways that simply would not be possible with out this agreement. Together with Southwest, the world’s largest passenger airline, their financial resources, tremendous brand, legendary customer service, corporate culture and decades-long record of success, we will have the opportunity to go places neither company could have gone alone.† As a result of the acquisition, which was completed on May 2, 2011, Southwest has experienced several unexpected glitches during the transitioning stages. One major issue has been with the ticketing and reservations systems, â€Å"Southwest Airlines agents struggle with AirTran Airways tickets and vice versa, sometimes leaving passengers who have been delayed and need rebooking in the lurch† (McCartney, 2013). It is reported that prices and seat availability are inconsistent on both websites when attempting to book a ticket online. Customers, who purchase early boarding passes for their itineraries, are limited to using them only for the Southwest leg of the trip, as it is not recognized by AirTr an. This has caused numerous complaints with customers who pay full price for early boarding, but are only able to use it for half of the itinerary. Southwest has been diligently working to combine both airline systems, but has not successfully completed the project to date. â€Å"Southwest, for now, have agents of both airlines trying to work two reservation systems on different windows of their computer screens so one airline can check in customers from the other. Southwest says it will have a unified system, new to both airlines, in place by the end of the year† (McCartney, 2013). A prominent issue that has resulted in the acquisition is that once AirTran has been fully integrated into the Southwest Brand, upgraded seating will no longer be available, as Southwest only offers coach class with unassigned seating. In addition, Southwest has been in the works to transition all aircraft from AirTran’s 717 aircraft, which it inherited, to its existing 737 model. â€Å"AirTran had first class, they had assigned seats, and Southwest has no first class, no assigned seats, doesn’t sell through global distribution systems-a very different product than what AirTran offered in the market. It is very distinguishable† (Boehmer, 2010). Delta Airlines and other major competitors feel they will be able to capture former AirTran customers, who find the elimination of upgraded seating unacceptable. Prior to the acquisition, Southwest Airlines had an organizational structure which was instrumental in the company becoming a leading competitor in the airline industry. Founder Herb Kelleher’s leadership style allowed for everyone, including front line employees to play a major role in business planning and operational budgeting. Herb believed that â€Å"management decisions are made by everyone in the organization, not just the head executives† (Advance Business Consulting Website, 2013). As a part of their organizational structure, Southwest maintained over 35,000 employees, had 568 Boeing 737 model aircraft, and operated in 67 domestic cities coast-to-coast. Whereas AirTran, who operated with a similar organizational model, listed assets of 8,500 employees, 86 Boeing 717’s and 52 Boeing 737’s, operating in approximately 37 markets. Southwest Airlines has not made major changes to their organizational structure as a result of the merger. The new Southwest airlines assets contain: â€Å"43,000 plus employees, over 700 aircraft, operating in over 100 markets, serving 100 million customers†, (Bomkamp, 2010). Southwest continues to function with three primary levels of management: Executive Vice Presidents, Senior Vice Presidents, and Vice Presidents, all positions subordinate to Chairman of the Board, President, and CEO, Gary Kelly. Since the acquisition, Southwest has taken a slow approach to integrating AirTran systems, procedures, and employees into the Southwest family. Southwest appears to believe they will be able to seamlessly integrate 8,500 AirTran employees into the body of Southwest’s existing 35,000 employees. However, industry analysts feel Southwest’s expectations are risky at best, â€Å"It will be tricky for Southwest. Southwest’s whole business model is built on a particular approach to managing employees. It’s a big bet they are making that they can swallow AirTran† (Cappelli, 2010). According to Southwest Airlines Announcements for Reporting Structure of AirTran and Leadership Changes, Human Resources Practices were modified in effort to embrace the leadership team coming from AirTran. Almost all AirTran leaders were placed in positions with Southwest that were commensurate to positions previously held. The other leaders who were not placed in commensurate positions were hired on as full time consultants to ensure the integration of the two  airlines went well. Southwest airlines have maintained a precedent that was established in 1971, when the company first began conducting business. Southwest Airlines began with four planes and less than 70 employees. During its first year of operation, the company experienced financial trouble, forcing the executives to make the decision to sell one of its planes or lay off employees. In effort to maintain the relationship with its employees, Southwest opted to sell the plane. In return, the employees were asked to cut gate turn-around from 55 minutes to 15 minutes. The employees obliged, helping to establish one of the friendliest management/labor relationships in the airline industry, as reported by PBS.org. According to Atlanta Business Chronicles, the following statement was issued to AirTran employees in the form of a Question and Answer sheet in effort to address their concerns regarding job security, â€Å"The combination of the two airlines will result in additional employment opportunities as the combined airline continues to grow and expand the Southwest network. In its nearly 40 year history, even during the most recent financial crisis, Southwest has remained profitable and has never had layoffs.† This statement was in attempt to calm fears that the acquisition would bring surrounding job stability. As in any industry, when employees are facing major changes in the workplace, especially as it relates to mergers and acquisitions, it is important to communicate plans for the direction of the company and the employees involved. This strategy allows time for the employees to process the information they have been given and adjust to the changes to come. It is imperative that companies model this practice as non-communication results in insecurity, chaos, and hostile work environments where uncertainty is present. References Advance Business Consulting Website (2013). Retrieved from http://www.advancebusinessconsulting.com/advance!/strategic-alignment/strategic-alignment-business-cases/the-rise-of-southwest-airlines.aspx AirTran Airways Official Website, (2014). Retrieved from http://www.airtranairways.com/about-us/history.aspx Atlanta Business Chronicle, (2010). QA on the Southwest-AirTran merger. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2010/09/27/daily2.html Boehmer, Jay (2010, November 08). Delta Sees Opportunity In Southwest, AirTran Merger. Business Travel News, (15), 4. Retrieved from http://elibrary.bigchalk.com Bomkamp, S., (2010). Huff Post Travel: Southwest Airlines Buys AirTran for $1.4 Billion. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/27/southwest-airlines-airtran_n_739975.html?view=printcomm_ref=false Cappelli, P. (2010). Strategic Management North America: By Acquiring AirTran, Will Southwest Continue to Spread the LUV? Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/by-acquiring-airtran-will-southwest-continue-to-spread-the-luv/ McCartney, S., (2013). The Wall Street Journal: Southwest and AirTran Airlines: Mergers and Aggravations. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324448104578611980670019710 Mouawad, J., (2010). The New York Times: Southwest, Determined to Expand, Buys AirTran. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/business/28air.html?_r=0pagewanted=print PBS.Org (date not available). Chasing the Sun: The History of Commercial Aviation Seen Through the Eyes of Its Innovators. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/kcet/chasingthesun/innovators/hkelleher.html Southwest Airlines Official Website. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.southwest.com/html/about-southwest/index.html?int=GFOOTER-ABOUT-ABOUT

Internet and Technology Hazards :: Essays Papers

Internet and Technology Hazards Computers and the Internet are great items for the household, but along with these advantages there are disadvantages. They are constantly changing the way that we live and do business. The Internet puts tons of information at a click of a button. This information is a great educational tool for children. The Internet can be very dangerous to young children, and there is also research being done now about possible problems that adults have with computers. It is the parents’ responsibility to make sure that the Internet is a safe place for their children. I read an article called Internet and Computer Technology Hazards: Perspectives For Family Counseling. The author of this article is Jo Ann Oravec. It appeared in the British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, in August of 2000. I agreed with almost everything that she wrote. It was an interesting and compelling article. The main reason that people watch the news, and look through various sources of information is to make sure that their homes are safe from possible nuisances in the neighborhood or from severe weather. When working with a network, a series of computers tied together, there are new and dangerous hazards that can go unnoticed. Viruses and security breaches by hackers are a few of the hazards that they may encounter. The Internet is being used more and more for daily life. For many families the meaning of â€Å"Neighbor† is quickly changing from the people that live close to on-line relationships that they have. Now many people are doing their shopping, banking and other everyday activities on-line. Some people are also using the Internet to stay in touch with family members that live elsewhere. As families perform important educational and community activities on-line the meaning of home is changing at a rapid pace. Some families are worried that the Internet could have an effect on their privacy. The privacy for a family is necessary to raising their children. Today it is possible to get information on nearly anyone via the Internet. Crimes such as hacking and identity theft are the main concerns of these families. Children may accidentally give out family information to marketers by filling out their on-line surveys. Many families believe that they could prevent these things from happening by shutting off contact with the Internet.

Poetry Questions Essay

In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s work, â€Å"Nature†, the speaker forces the reader to analyze their core beliefs and values. The speaker asks, â€Å"why should we grope among the dry bones of the past, or put the living generation into masquerade out of its faded wardrobe? The sun shines today also†. By asking this simple question, the speaker is essentially asking the audience why they should accept the beliefs and traditions handed down to them through their ancestors instead of creating their own. This question is furthered when the speaker states, â€Å"There are new lands, new men, new thoughts. Let us demand our own works and laws and worship†. The speaker is making a call to his readers for a change in society. Rather than blindly accept the laws and beliefs from long gone ancestors, the speaker is challenging his audience to be independent thinkers, and follow their own path of discovery, rather than continue to be force fed hundred year old traditions. In the poem, â€Å"Apparently With No Surprise†, the speaker is admiring a flower and suddenly it dies. Through the language in the poem, it seems as though the speaker is questioning whether God oversees life and death within nature. In this poem, nature is portrayed as a brutal assassin, taking the life from an innocent and blooming flower. The Frost is named the murderer, but the speaker says that it has done so in â€Å"accidental power† while at play. The speaker proceeds to question whether there is a God that controls nature’s violent tendancies. In the last few lines of the poem, the speaker answers her own questions, by noting that God is approving of nature’s order, which is reflected in the line that reads, â€Å"The Sun proceeds unmoved to measure off another Day for an Approving God†. The tone of the poem suggests that the speaker things that God is just as malevolent as nature for allowing nature to take its course. 3. The most important characteristic of the landscape in â€Å"Desert Places† is the snow. Frost notes that the ground is â€Å"almost covered smooth in snow†, which gives the reader a sense of coldness and expansive nothingness in an environment that is typically warm and inviting. It seems as though Frost is comparing this desert to himself. By stating that the desert is a â€Å"blanker whiteness of benighted snow with no expression†, Frost gives the reader a sense of emptiness that not only is a characteristic of the snow, but also of how empty and emotionless he feels. Frost ties together the desert and his own emotions in the last few lines of the poem. Frost ties the description of a vast and barren desert with the feelings of emptiness and lack of emotion that he feels about his own life. By ending the poem with the line, â€Å"to scare myself with my own desert places†, Frost displays his fear at his absolute lack of emotion and emptiness. â€Å"Kitchenette Building† uses many terms to explain how life in this urban society feels. Gwendolyn Brooks uses the term â€Å"involuntary plan† to describe the situation that the black speaker is currently in. The â€Å"involuntary plan† describes shady real estate deals that created small, cramped apartments for black tenants from what were previously spacious apartments in white neighborhoods. The speaker is showing the reader how the slum lords have exploited the black tenants in this urban society. The speaker makes reference to the â€Å"garbage ripening in the hall†, which is another way in which the exploitation of the black tenant is made apparent – the simple maintenance of disposing of the trash is ignored by these shady landlords. The speaker also notes that â€Å"we wonder. But not well! Not for a minute!†, which indicates that she doesn’t have the time or the energy to meditate on the problem of exploitation, or any wa y to attempt to change it. As soon as the fifth member of the family emerges from the bathroom, her thoughts shift to more practical things, such as a warm bath. 5. In Allen Ginsberg’s work, â€Å"Howl†, he makes reference to Moloch in an attempt to criticize the society of 1950s America. Moloch refers to a biblical idol to which sacrifices of children were brought. By comparing 1950s American society to this bloodthirsty idol, Ginsberg is painting a clear picture of his view of the era that America had entered into at that time. Ginsberg paints prisons, apartments, and industries as all that is evil with society with the line that reads, â€Å"Moloch! Moloch! Robot apartments! invisible suburbs! skeleton treasuries! blind capitals! Demonic industries!†   Ginsberg is making the point that with the new industrialization of society, the forgotten artists, musicians, and creative thoughts are forgotten, and even given a negative connotation. Ginsberg makes it clear that he believes that the industry with their factories and warehouses only create more of a diversion from the artistic world of colors and music. This point is made though the line that reads, â€Å"Moloch whose factories dream and croak in the fog! Moloch whose smokestacks and antennae crown the cities!† As an artist himself, Ginsberg is forcing society to recognize the apparent evils of the industrialization of his society.6. In Sarah Orne Jewett’s work, â€Å"A White Heron†, the main character, Sylvia is a young girl, who has a love for animals. She is befriended by a hunter, who is tracking a white heron that he intends to kill and add to his collection of stuffed birds. Sylvia perches in a giant pine tree very early in the morning, searching for the heron to make her new friend happy. Sylvia finds the bird nested on a branch not far from where she sits. The bird flies away and Sylvia runs home to tell the hunter where the bird is. Upon returning to her house, however, she has a change of heart and realizes that she cannot tell the hunter where the heron has gone. Though Sylvia obviously has a crush on the hunter, she allows him to go on his way without giving him the location of the heron. Though she is only a child, Sylvia has made a very adult-like choice by electing to save the life of the white heron, and not allowing herself to be coerced into confessing the bird’s whereabouts to the attractive man. Even though the hunter offered Sylvia a $10.00 reward for helping him find the heron, she still chooses to keep silent about the heron’s location. Sylvia realizes that she values life more than any reward she could receive. In William Cullen Bryant’s work, â€Å"To A Waterfowl†, the speaker views a bird in flight and seems to feel an almost spiritual connection with the bird. The speaker admires the bird’s ability to continue on its way, day or night, even with the threat of being hunted by man. The speaker says that, â€Å"All day thy wings have fann’d at that far height, the cold thin atmosphere: Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land, though the dark night is near†. In this line, that speaker is almost admiring the bird’s dedication to continuing on its path until it reaches its destination, without stopping because it is tired. This gives the speaker a sense of pushing forward even when things seem hard or one is weary. The speaker watches the bird and imagines it reaching its destination and finding a â€Å"summer home, and rest†, which is the bird’s reward for its dedication. The bird disappears into the sky, and the speaker feels that the bird has been cared for by God. This thought makes the speaker realize that if God can care and provide for a bird, God can certainly guide the path of the speaker.

How Values Affect Decisions in Personal and Professional Life Essay

Abstract Many people have a set of core values, either personal, organizational, or cultural, that help guide his or her life, and that assist him or her in making decisions in their everyday existence. Most of my decisions are based on how they will affect my family, me, and my career. My family is the key factor in any decision I make. I have to consider what influence my choices will have on my family before I act on them. My success in my career choice of Information Systems is also an important value to me. I strive to improve my knowledge of information systems to the best of ability in order to further my career. This value has brought me to be results oriented, a hard worker, and a team player. Companies are now doing business with other companies in different countries. Organizations are now set up to where employees have to interact with different people to get the job done. If someone desires a long, prosperous career, they have to learn to work with diverse people of different cultures. Everyone has a set of core values that assist him or her in making decisions in their daily existence, and many people expect these values to lead them to live a wonderful life. Many people have a set of core values, either personal, organizational, or cultural, that help guide his or her life, and that assist him or her in making decisions in their everyday existence Values such as my family, friendships, and personal growth contribute to the choices that I make in my personal life. Values such as being results-oriented, a hard worker, a team player, and the desire to be successful guide me in making decisions in an organizational environment. I evaluate my core values before making any decisions that will influence them in anyway. According to author David Peters (2003): Personal ethics have been defined as principles of good behavior, a moral code of conduct, or a system to decide between competing options. But simply stated, personal ethics are nothing more than the rules impose on ourselves that govern our daily actions. (p. 30) For many people different factors and beliefs shape their values but, I believe that everyone shares one goal of living the best life possible not just physically but spiritually and mentally. Many of my decisions are based on how they will affect my family, me, and my career. My family is the key factor in any decision I make. I have to consider what influence my choices will have on my family before I follow through with them. For example, my returning to school keeps me from spending as much time as I would like with my loved ones. I thought about returning back to school long and hard and came to the conclusion that I need to return to school now before I have more children, my daughter gets to an age were I have to run her all over town for things that she wants to participate in, or any other life-changing event takes place. I came to the conclusion that I need to go now because it will only take between a year and half or two years to complete. By the time I am done with school, my daughter will be four and starting kindergarten, and that is a good time to also think about having another child. So I decided to go ahead and return to school and get my master’s degree in information systems. If I know that a decision will drastically affect my family, I will go to them to get their input on the situation. My success in my career choice of Information Systems is also an important value to me. Roy Posner states, â€Å"One of the interesting values in life is one’s innate desire for continuous improvement. † (Roy Posner 2006). I strive to improve my knowledge of information systems to the best of my ability in order to further my career. This value has brought me to be results oriented, a hard worker, and a team player. In the environment of information technology, everyone has to be team player because most of the positions require people to interact with each other. Whether the person is a systems analyst or a mail clerk, he or she will be part of a diverse group of people who have to work together effectively and efficiently to meet the goals of the organization as a whole. â€Å"Culture is the key to people’s way of living, accepting changes and doing business is rapidly loosing geographical borders. † (Kanungo, 2006, p. 23). Companies are now doing business with other companies in different countries. Organizations are now set up to where employees have to interact with different people to fulfill his or her job duties. If someone desires a long, prosperous career, they have to learn to work with diverse people of different cultures. At one time or another, everyone has had life experiences that help guide his or her decision making process. Nancy Haught (2006) states the following: For many people, from many different belief systems, their faith is the only factor that they see shaping their personal ethics. But most Americans would admit that other factors do play a part: parents or other relatives;? experiences such as a stint in the Peace Corps or a brush with the law. The factors that shape our ethics are varied, but it religion that often gets the credit, or the blame† (p.C1) Many people have come to the realization that they don’t have to have the world to live a good life. Although, someone may want a successful career, they shouldn’t have to sacrifice other aspects of their life to obtain it. Other aspects of life are more fulfilling, such as a wonderful relationship with God, family, and friends. Many people have a set of core values that assist him or her in making decisions in their daily existence, and many people expect these values to lead them to live a wonderful life References Haught, N. (2006, March 11). Ethics & values | definitions ethics, morals, values. The Oregonian, C1. Kanungo, R. P. (2006). Cross culture and business practice: are they coterminous or cross-verging? Cross Cultural Management, 13(1), 23. Peters, David. (2003) Your Personal Ethics ? is it time for a check up? National Jeweler, 97 (7), 30. Posner, Roy. (2006). The Power of Personal Values. Retrieved July 05, 2007 from http://www. gurusoftware. com/GuruNet/Personal/Topics/Values. htm.

Geography of Jamaica

Geography of Jamaica Population: 2,847,232 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: KingstonArea: 4,243 square miles (10,991 sq km)Coastline: 635 miles (1,022 km)Highest Point: Blue Mountain Peak at 7,401 feet (2,256 m)Jamaica is an island nation in the West Indies located in the Caribbean Sea. It is south of Cuba and for comparison, it is just under the size of the United States state of Connecticut. Jamaica is 145 miles (234 km) in length and 50 miles (80 km) in width at its widest point. Today, the country is a popular tourist destination and it has a native population of 2.8 million people. History of Jamaica The first inhabitants of Jamaica were the Arawaks from South America. In 1494, Christopher Columbus was the first European to reach and explore the island. Beginning in 1510, Spain began to inhabit the area and by that time, the Arawaks began to die off due to disease and war that came with the European settlers.In 1655, the British arrived in Jamaica and took the island from Spain. Shortly thereafter in 1670, Britain took full formal control of Jamaica.Throughout most of its history, Jamaica was known for its sugar production. In the late 1930s, Jamaica began to gain its independence from Britain and it had its first local elections in 1944. In 1962, Jamaica gained full independence but still remains a member of the British Commonwealth.Following its independence, Jamaicas economy began to grow but in the 1980s, it was hit by a severe recession. Shortly thereafter, however, its economy began to grow and tourism became a popular industry. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, drug traff icking, and the related violence became a problem in Jamaica. Today, Jamaicas economy is still based largely on tourism and the related service sector and it has recently held various free democratic elections. For example, in 2006 Jamaica elected its first female Prime Minister, Portia Simpson Miller.​ Government of Jamaica Jamaicas government is considered a constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm. It has an executive branch with Queen Elizabeth II as chief of state and a local position of head of state. Jamaica also has a legislative branch with a bicameral Parliament consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. Jamaicas judicial branch is made up of a Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Privy Council in the U.K. and the Caribbean Court of Justice.Jamaica is divided  in 14 parishes for local administration. Economy and Land Use in Jamaica Since tourism is a large part of Jamaicas economy, services and the related industries represent a significant portion of the countrys overall economy. Tourism revenues alone account for 20% of Jamaicas gross domestic product. Other industries in Jamaica include bauxite/alumina, agricultural processing, light manufacturing, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products and telecommunications. Agriculture is also a big part of Jamaicas economy and its biggest products are sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, ackees, vegetables, poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks. Unemployment is high in Jamaica and as a result, the country has high crime rates and violence related to drug trafficking. Geography of Jamaica Jamaica has a varied topography with rugged mountains, some of which are volcanic, and narrow valleys and a coastal plain. It is located 90 miles (145 km) south of Cuba and 100 miles (161 km) west of Haiti.The climate of Jamaica is tropical and hot and humid on its coast and temperate inland. Kingston, Jamaicas capital has an average July high temperature of 90 °F (32 °C) and a January average low of 66 °F (19 °C). Sources Central Intelligence Agency.  CIA - The World Factbook - Jamaica.  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html Infoplease. (n.d.).  Jamaica: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107662.html United States Department of State. (29 December 2009).  Jamaica.  state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2032.htm

Satire Essay Main Rules, Topics, Examples

Satire Essay Main Rules, Topics, Examples How To Write A Satire Essay This article will guide you on how to write a satire essay in detail and will explain what a satire essay is as well as show you some examples. The text uses satire to make you understand its main objective. Assignments on this topic are known to be the most challenging for most students. In these kinds of essays, students need to show their expertise in content and subject area. Similarly, they should use humor to point absurdities found in our real-life situations . Although satire essays are full of humor, there are those without or minimal instances of humor. Most of them are expressed in a serious tone which shows that readers should take them seriously. There are advantages of writing these kinds of essays more so to those individuals wishing to master the art of writing. Once you have learned how to infuse irony, humor, and hyperbole, you will discover them not only being fun but also easy to write. Learning your Task Its crucial for you to understand every aspect of your writing assignment. You should be in a position to point out the following: If your homework intends to satirize a given cultural topic The length of the essay Our formatting guide will help you select the right format to use while writing your assignment. You might be in a dilemma not knowing whether to write your paper in first, second or third person point of view. For those who have never read satire essays before, you should consider reading the work of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal who is well known for these types of pieces. If you are wondering where to find them, then consider the site The Onion which usually deals with the topics in politics. While writing your assignment, incorporating satire enables you to write the essay in a first persons point of view. This makes you point out issues in the society especially those concerning society and culture. Using an example where this article points womens demeaning which is being explained by Trumps Hollywood tapes leaked information (Satire Essay, 2019). Meme proposing that female gender should not oppose what amen say suggest that they are annoyed by his utterances. This is clearly shown through the work of E.L. Jamess Fifty Shades of Gray showing a romantic relationship between female and male where the male is in total control and the woman is expected to submit to him. Topics of Satire Essay When writing a satire essay on any topics, its good to point out the significant events of culture and politics. The most common ideas you should consider while writing: Brexit Border Walls Hillary Clinton Mike Pence Donald Trump Barack Obama Tim Kaine Immigration reform A list of satirical topics is endless and if you are unsure of what to select contact our support team who are ready to help you any time. Brainstorming of Any Satirical Essay Any good essay writing process begins with brainstorming. Brainstorming is a useful tool for all essay writers that plays a significant role even in writing a satirical essay (Satire Essay, 2019). While there are familiar writing outlines employed in the initial stages of planning, there are other methods that work perfectly well when it comes to satire writing tasks. One of the tools that are commonly used and we like most is the use of a bubble map. A bubble map is a simple tool that would be used starting from elementary schools onwards. The tool associates words in line with your topic of interest. For instance, if you decide to write a bubble map for any prominent figure in the society say, Donald Trump, you will diversify and use words like businessman, father, married, adulterer, divorced, New York City, orange, billionaire, bombastic, real estate, and home alone. You can see from the above bubble map how those words bring out elements that are associated with Donald Trump. When it comes to descriptive essays on a dog, there would be some words in the middle like the name of that given dog (Satire Essay, 2019). When using the bubble map, you should be aware that the words you choose should not be your own words you decide to use while writing your essay. The words used should aid in exposing an issue and further directs on the ways of approaching it satirically. Thesis Statements in Satire Essays After deciding on the right topic, you should then come up with a good thesis statement for your essay. You may be wondering what a thesis statement is. Thesis Statement is merely a road map of your piece that is always one or two sentences. It helps your readers understand the primary objective of your essay. Regardless of your essay type, the structure of your thesis statement always remains the same except in satire essay where it differs slightly. In satire essays, it is different unlike situations when one is proposing a real idea. Below are some examples of Thesis Statements: To ensure the safety of your jewelry, you need to be conspicuous on it, ensure valuable jewelry is stored in a vault or deposit box that is safe, also, do not travel with excessive jewelry than (Author: Kim Kardashian-West) Having a successful marriage is extremely simple: you have to identify your second wife while married to your first wife and have more children with her before you get married. (Author: Brad Pitt) From the above examples, it is clear that the most satirical element in the essay is the individual writing it. Also, the target audience can be part of the satire. When Jimmy Carter wrote to Trump a letter informing him not to worry of offending women is satirical in a way since both Jimmy and Trump are respected figures in the United States of America.   The case of Bill Clinton is writing a letter to Barrack Obama to guide him on how to be a good husband while in the White House is Irony in itself. This is because Obama is well known for his excellence in family matters and he is perceived to be an excellent husband too. On the other hand, Bill had a lousy legacy as he had an affair outside marriage while in office. Finally, criticisms of Maddona of Lady Gaga of publicity or even Peter Rose Criticizing Tom utilize all aspects of double-satire. Resources for Satirical Essays A wide range of satirical essays is based on events happening in the current century. Though citing them directly may not be compulsory at the moment, it is essential for you to know the real facts and issues that are associated with a given situation (Satire Essay, 2019). It is even ironical for you to identify the satiric news sites. In this modern time, this would be much more difficult to notice concerning political context. To avoid all these troubles, you need to be careful while selecting your topic and ensure your sources are unbiased and academically reliable. It can be difficult finding a reliable source for your essay. To be sure you have the right sources, use the sources that are not more than three years old and from reputable publishers like newspapers, magazines, and .com and .org websites. However, you are free to use sources for more than three years old, but you should inform your readers of any change of information in the concerned period. Additionally, you might have been discouraged to use sources like Wikipedia, Britannica, and Encyclopedia while doing your writing assignments. The advice is good as these sources are not regarded as reliable sources in the scholarly world. However, do not allow the ban to prevent you from using the references (Satire Essay, 2019). They can give an excellent overview of your topic and give you resources you can research for further information.   Google scholar is another great search engine that gives you an opportunity to limit the kind of resources you want to look at. With the above search engine, you can find either academic or scholarly articles and would support you in finding the best academic and scholarly writing. Other generic sites like CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC are also good sources of information while writing satire essays. Also, you can make use of other local and major networks as they are good sources of news. The above news channels have programs that are not sources but are both social and political commentary. While using these shows, you need to be careful as they sometimes present information to the readers in a biased way or give unreliable information. As you write be aware of possible biased information especially when selecting your sources. Citing your Sources If you decide to incorporate all your resources in your satirical essay, you will have to cite all academic sources to back-up any claim you make on certain political styles. If your essay is based on actual dates, rare facts, and figures, you need to cite all your sources. In such cases, you will be directed on the formats to use, or you will have to decide on your own . The most commonly used academic citation styles for undergraduate students are the American Psychology Association (APA), modern language association (MLA), and Turabian or Chicago. Unless in your assignment there are clear instructions on the type of format to use, go for the writing style you understand best. Examples of Satire Essays As a student, its easy for you to digest a concept if you are given an example. Thus, our model will not only help you understand how you can write an amazing satirical essay but will also help you master how you can format your essays correctly. On our site, you will get an excellent satirical essay. Just fill in the order form. We hope that after reading our article on satire and using our provided examples, you will be more confident than before to confront any satire essay throughout your academic journey. Even after reading our article and examples you might still encounter challenges right from topic selection to completing your essay . Remember we are here for you. We have a complete team of tutors ready to help you in any challenge you encounter in your writing process from topic selection to writing a flawless piece. To get more insight, go to our website.

Analysis of Business Operations Shuzworld Inc Term Paper

Analysis of Business Operations Shuzworld Inc - Term Paper Example The three options that are available to Shuzworld are as follows: Buy new equipment for the Shanghai facility; Recondition the existing equipment at the Shanghai facility, or Outsource production to a vendor in China. The purchasing of the new equipment will definitely cost the companies a lot but that will have its own benefits in terms of its long-term usage and reliability, which is the main concern of many of the companies. The second option to use reconditioned equipment is another source through which the companies can start their business in a new location or in their headquarters. The reconditioned equipment will be available from the market at a lower cost and will give the start-up companies or the emerging companies an opportunity to start work with the lesser amount of investment. The companies will be able to follow the cost-effective measures that they have thought about and then will be able to work on the other tasks after the first task of cost management has been ef fectively done as the reconditioned equipment will be cheaper in rate. However, there will be one issue of the reliability of the machines, as they might need repairs often. This may be a major problem for an emerging company who might not have a backup plan if the main machinery gets damaged. This may cause Shuzworld to cease the production process as well. The third option in terms of using the equipment is related to outsourcing the work and operations to another contractor company. This will ease the management in a way that they will need labor that will handle operations in the work field as that responsibility will now be sole of the contractor company. The main disadvantage of using this option is that the companies might pay more for the products that they could produce themselves at their own plants at lesser costs. The decision on which option to choose will also depend on the current and forecast demand for Samba Sneakers. The buy and recondition options both have fixed cost but comparatively lower variable cost than the outsourcing option. The choice will depend on the number of Samba sneakers that Shuzworld expects to produce. Sensitivity analysis can be used to inform the decision. Sensitivity analysis is a technique that is used to determine ‘how the variation in the output of a model can be apportioned to different sources of variation’ and how a given model will be influenced by information fed into it.  

Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Trends - Essay Example A vivid example of this is that many book lovers now choose to buy books online rather than purchasing them in bookstores. This development has led to the demise of bookstore chains like Borders, the second largest book retailer and a boost to digital retailer Amazon. (Osnos, 2011). Education will also have to reinvent itself. Traditional classroom lectures will eventually find itself being replaced by virtual learning environments. Teachers will rely more and more on available software that will enhance the learning process and increase the motivations of children to learn new things. One business where one will see a tremendous boom is the outsourcing market. Numerous companies are beginning to realize that outsourcing decreases costs significantly without necessarily reducing efficiency and productivity. In the music industry, one can envision a decline in the business of record labels. Feinberg believes that the trend now is simply to download music through the internet or what he terms as â€Å"digital sharing† (2009). Few people are buying original CDs of recording artists because downloading music through the web is free. It is also easier to share music nowadays using the latest technology such as Ipods and Iphones. Indeed, man’s needs are changing with the changing times. With these changes come new trends and with these new trends come new business opportunities. One may see the demise of some industries but one also expects that these industries will eventually be replaced by new industries which adapt to the advancing technologies of mankind. Feinberg, J. (2009, August 18). What will record labels look like in the future? Retrieved August 8, 2011, from pbs.org: http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2009/08/what-will-record-labels- look-like-in-the-future230.html Osnos, P. (2011, July 26). The end of Borders and the future of the printed word. Retrieved August 8, 2011, from

Communicating the message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communicating the message - Essay Example y are launching their adverts an example, a campaign committed to facebook users who will have a duty to read the adverts and also influence others to read it. With this advertisers can give out their offline conversations data to all that want to see it. As a company, facebook claims that the adverts should be measured by a click for each advert Mr. Brad Smith the vice president of facebook complain that the measurements used does not really describe the precise representation of what an advert has to relay, this has made it difficult to establish the literal result of digital marketing stands to be on the bottom-line of the total brand. In the long run, the company would have contributed in the creation and the introduction of mechanism used in advertisement on facebook that would make a longtime impact on people on the brand of the product and its market price (Chung, 2015). Mr. Brad says that the industry is not up to date with the evolving digital landscape; he also admits that facebook advertising is not only about clicks or engagement, it is also about lifts. , Booke Robinson the associate director at the institute of Mindshare in Toronto, also shares that facebook can be relied on as a connector in all aspects of purchasing c hannels even though the advertisements shared should make us want to learn more. The advertisers using facebook have their own share of problems as they have to content with the changing of sites in the modern networks. He also noted that face book is not only a community builder, but a channel used to reach more consumers to buy goods. Stratford’s target was to get the new patrons with new media by the spring. It was through facebook that the Stratford Festival took place for five consecutive days and resulted to the grand annual April fools sale. The company wanted to sale their items to one group but ended up selling to everyone who came on facebook. Experienced is influenced by the appearance and features of a product.

Cyber Warfare: the Future of War

Cyber Warfare: the Future of War CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Karl von Clausewitz defined war as an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will In order to attain this object fully, the enemy must be disarmed, and disarmament becomes therefore the immediate object of hostilities. At the end of the second millennium, this classification no longer describes the full spectrum of modern warfare. In the future, we will have the prospective to make war without the use of violence and fulfill the second half of von Clausewitzs definition-with software alone. Todays software intensive systems make this probable. Cyber describes systems that use mechanical or electronic systems to swap human control. Cyber warfare can be executed without violence and therefore the reliance on software intensive systems-cyber systems-can make nations exposed to warfare without violence. What is Cyber? Terms with cyber used as prefix are currently in vogue not only among some visionaries and technologists seeking new concepts, but even by the man in the street, and each has its own connotation. The term cyber is from Greek root kybernan, meaning to steer or govern and a related word Kybernetes, meaning pilot, governor, and/ or helmsman. Norbert Weiner first introduced the prefix in the 1940s in his classic works creating the field of cybernetics (which is related to cybrenetique, an older French word meaning the art of government). Cyber, in fact has been the most acceptable term due to the reason that it bridges the gap between information and governance, the two inseparable facets of control. The prefix therefore, is freely used in the following: Cyberspace. Originally coined by William Gibson in his science fiction novel Neuromancer, published in 1984, and defines it as that position within the computer where electronic activity / communication takes place. He further describes it as a place of unthinkable complexity. The term has given rise to a vocabulary of cyberterms such as cybercafes (cafes that sell coffee and computer time), cybermalls (online shopping services) and cyberjunkies (people addicted to being online). Cybernetics. It is the science of communication and control, which interfaces a monitor (human brain or an electronic machine) to other parts of a system. The function being, to compare what is happening in the system, to what should have happened and then draw the difference, which is passed on to the control system for rectification (feedback). It applies equally to organisations, machines and organisms. Cybernetics is also used to describe a general analytical approach to control, communication and other system technologies and attempts to link engineering disciplines with the related work of social scientists through the unifying threads of feedback in its most general aspects and through its interest in transfer of information. Cyberwar. A RAND Corporation synonym for information warfare, it is also sometime called netwar. Another school considers it as knowledge related conflict at the military level. However, Denis Quigley comes close by designating it as control warfare or leitenkreig in German. Cyberwar will be discussed more in detail later in the Study. Cybernation. Loosely used, it implies digitisation of various systems of an arrangement/organisation or super systems, where electronics links humans to machines, thereby immensly amplifying the human capabilities. It, in its most basic form, would indicate electronic automated management of information and knowledge. Cyber warfare (CW). It is a relatively new addition to the glossary of warfare. With the escalating use of computers in military and government, there has been a growing awareness of both a new susceptibility in national infrastructure and a new method of attacking ones enemies. There is the potential of using information systems to protect, control or attack information networks. CW could mean winning wars without firing shots, the shutting down of entire national infrastructures at the push of a button, and the complete exploitation or destruction of an enemys communication networks. It could mean threats from across the world by states with no ability to launch a conventional attack, or attacks by non-state actors using cheap laptops. There has also been talk of super-viruses shutting down nations, and how a disgruntled individual or small group could wage a war on a nation. CW is the new wonder weapon, and the new unknown threat. However, the concept of CW, and the technology on which it relies, is beset by vague depictions of the dangers it presents, or the benefits it offers. CW is conceptualised by security expert Amit Yoran, cyber-security chief at the US Department of Homeland Security and vice president of computer corporation Symantec, as the future primary theatre of operations. There is a consensus that CW is something noteworthy, but it is not clear if this consensus extends to a common understanding of what CW actually is. It is so new that there is no standard definition to describe it. This leads to one of the most frequent confusions regarding cyber warfare: its relation to Information Warfare (IW). IW is not unproblematic in definition, but can be understood as the offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy, an adversarys information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while protecting ones own. While IW covers the territory of cyber warfare, it also covers a much broader mandate. Electronic (cyber) communication is only one aspect of IW, which includes all information operations in a conflict. Chinese strategist Sun Tzu and Napoleonic strategist Carl von Clausewitz referred to information operations, and the importance of such operations in war. IW predates electronic communication, and is not interchangeable with cyber warfare for this reason. CW involves units organized along nation-state boundaries, in offensive and defensive operations, using computers to attack other computers or networks through electronic means. Hackers and other individuals trained in software programming and exploiting the intricacies of computer networks are the primary executors of these attacks. These individuals often operate under the auspices and possibly the support of nation-state actors. In the future, if not already common practice, individual cyber warfare units will execute attacks against targets in a cooperative and simultaneous manner. Analyzing the Threat. In 2007, a denial-of-service attack was launched every 53 minutes. The 2007 FBI/Computer Security Institute study indicated that loss of revenue attributed to DDoS (dedicated denial of service) was approximately US$90,000 an hour for a retail catalog sales company. Malware is a common cyber-weapon. Malware (short for malicious software) is a computer program designed with malicious intent. This intent may be to cause annoying pop-up ads with the hope you will click on one and generate revenue, or forms of spyware, Trojans and viruses that can be used to take over your computer, steal your identity, swipe sensitive financial information or track your activities. At least five new pieces of malware emerge every two minutes, according to Kasperskys Internet Security Lab. One critical measure I monitor regularly is the number of significant events reported to Hackerwatch.Org. At the time Im writing this, in the past 24 hours, there have been more than 8 million sign ificant incidents reported. The warning signs are there, but the question remains: Are we smart enough to prepare? A key premise of this paper is that information processing-whether by equipment (computers) or by humans-is becoming a center of gravity in future warfare. Although there is much debate on the reality of the CW threat, the growing number of computer intrusions on government and non-government systems substantiate the fact that the threat is very real. The growing dependency on information and information based technologies have made us very vulnerable to hostile attacks Hence, our immediate goal must be to both imagine and define how foreign cyber attack capabilities might threaten information networks in India and what potential effects they might have. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem This paper seeks to study and analyse the use of cyber warfare in future conflicts its implications on national security. To suggest Indias response to these cyber threats by outlining a clear, well defined cyber security strategy and suggest measures to safeguard own national security. Hypothesis As information systems permeate in military and civil lives, a new frontier is being crossed The Information Age- which will define the future wars. Cyber Warfare has become central to the way nations fight wars and is the emerging theatre in which future conflicts are most likely to occur. Cyber warfare will take the form of a devastating weapon of the future battlefield which will be integrated in the War fighting Doctrines of nations across the world. Justification of Study The premise of cyber warfare is that nations and critical infrastructure are becoming increasingly dependent on computer networks for their operation. Also as armies around the world are transforming from a platform centric to a network centric force there is increasing reliance on networking technology. With all the advantages of such connectivity come unprecedented challenges to network security. Threats to information infrastructure could be in the form of destruction, disclosure, modification of data and/or denial of service. A hostile nation or group could exploit the vulnerabilities in poorly secured network to disrupt or shut down critical functions. The protection of our information resources information assurance, will thus be one of the defining challenges of national and military security in the years to come. To take advantage of Information Technology revolution and its application as a force multiplier, the Nation and army in particular needs to focus on Cyber Security to ensure protection / defence of its information and information system assets. Many will argue that defence and intelligence computer systems of most countries including Idia are air gapped and thus, isolated from the Internet. It may appear convincing that by air gapping the networks and using superior technology, the risk may be reduced. However, this will not provide fool proof security. With the proliferation of technology at an astronomical rate, the threat of cyber terrorism will only increase. The air gapped networks are vulnerable from insiders, disgruntled employees and moles planted or recruited by cyber terrorists or their sympathisers to cause the intended damage. A cyber terrorist may impersonate a computer technician and call individuals within the targeted organisation to obtain information to penetrate a system. Once in possession of legitimate log on information, cyber terrorists will have Iegal access to a system and can insert viruses, trojan horses, or worms to expand their control of the system or shut it down. In Russia, hackers used a gas company employee to plant a trojan horse which gave them control of the nations gas pipelines. It is against this backdrop that it becomes imperative as a soldier to understand cyberspace, the threat that it poses and to suggest some steps in order to minimise, if not eliminate the menace that it would cause. Scope This study concentrates on the evolution of cyber warfare and the giant leaps that it has taken in the past decade. The entire spectrum of cyber conflict, including threat reality of cyber warfare being used as a potent and devastating weapon of the future battlefield has been covered. Further the study outlines the cyber warfare capabilities of select nations and how vulnerable India is to these threats. Finally the report outlines a cyber security strategy and recommendations for combating the cyber warfare threat in the 21st century. Methods of Data Collection The data has been collected through various journals, seminar papers and certain books on the subject. Some material has also been downloaded from the Internet. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of the Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject under following chapters: Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. Chapter II The Future of Warfare. Information Revolution and Warfare. Defining Cyberwar. Evolution of Cyber Warfare. Chapter III Global Threat in Cyberspace. Threats in Cyberspae. How Real Is the Threat? Spectrum of Cyber Conflict. Recognition of the Cyber Warfare Threat. Chapter IV Combating the Threat. How Vulnerable are We? Cyber Security: A Few Initiatives. Def Cyber Warfare. Cyber security Strategy. Chapter V Conclusion. The Digital Battlefield. Recommendations. CHAPTER II THE FUTURE OF WARFARE So it is said, if you know others and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles; if you dont know others, but know yourself, you will win one and lose one; if you dont know others and dont know yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle. -Sun Tzu Will conventional warfare remain the custom for the future or will a new wave of warfare emerge? Down through the corridors of time, wars have been fought for various reasons. Conflict arose from regional instabilities, economic and social perils, and religious animosities. In their book, War and Anti-War: Survival At The Dawn of The 21st Century, Alvin and Heidi Toffler categorize the progression of warfare into three stages or waves: agrarian, industrial, and informational. While some areas of the world still remain in the agrarian realm and some others have advanced to the industrial state, a few have broken out into a completely new era-the information age. Information Revolution and Warfare If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles .If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle. This extract comes from the 6th century BC Sun Tzus The Art of War and is still as compelling today as it was two and a half millennia ago. As a matter of fact, it is in all probability safe to say that knowledge and information about ones adversary have a greater impact now than they have had at any other point in the history of warfare. At the same time, critical information is now often stored electronically in spaces reachable from the Internet, which means there is a prospective for it to leak out to ones adversary, or for the opponent corrupting it in order to affect ones decision making capabilities. There is no standardised definition of Information Warfare. However it has been defined as Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversely information, information based processes, information systems and computer based networks of the adversary, while protecting ones own information. An aim of warfare always has been to affect the enemys information systems. In the broadest sense, information systems encompass every means by which an adversary arrives at knowledge or beliefs. A narrower view maintains that information systems are the means by which an adversary exercises control over, and direction of fielded forces. Taken together, information systems are a comprehensive set of the knowledge, beliefs, and the decision making processes and systems of the adversary. The outcome sought by information attacks at every level is for the enemy to receive sufficient messages that convince him to stop fighting. Information Warfare is a form of conflict that attacks information system directly as a means to attack adversarys knowledge or beliefs. Information Warfare can be prosecuted as a component of a larger and more comprehensive set of hostile activities a net war or cyber war or it can be undertaken as the sole form of hostile activities. Most weapons, a word used to describe the lethal and nonlethal tools of warfare only have high utility against external adversaries. While most often employed against external adversaries, many of the weapons of information warfare are equally well suited for employment against internal constituencies. For example, a state or group cannot use guns or bombs against its own members; however, the weapons of Information Warfare can be used, have been used, and very likely will be used against both external and internal adversaries. Information warfare as defined by Martin Libicki has seven components: Command and Control Warfare. Intelligence based warfare. Electronic Warfare. Psychological Operations. Hacker Warfare. Economic Information Warfare. Cyber Warfare. This concept of seven components is universally recognised today, as it encompasses the entire spectrum that Information Warfare offers. Besides, it strongly argues that Information Warfare is not exclusively a military function and various actors viz. the media, private industry and civil society including civilian hackers play a key role in building a nations capability to wage Information Warfare. The role of private industry has gradually been acknowledged as cutting edge information technologies become increasingly pervasive in sensors and weapon systems. The information systems while making the military more efficient also render it vulnerable to attacks on the systems itself. Winn Schwartau, also known as the Civil Architect of Information Warfare has defined Information Warfare in this very context: Information Warfare is a conflict in which information and information systems act as both the weapons and the targets. As far as the Indian viewpoint on Information Warfare is co ncerned, history amply reveals that information was essentially viewed as a strategic resource. Kautilya, the great strategist of the Maurya period, strongly advocated the need of obtaining accurate information about the enemy forces and plans of action. In fact, he is considered to be instrumental in the victory of the Mauryans and placing Chandragupta Maurya on the Magadha throne. His astute thinking on warfare and statecraft is portrayed in the famous treatise Arthshastra. While postulating that war may not always be the right option, Kautilya espoused the importance of information and knowledge in winning wars. Information Superiority and Cyber Warfare. Information Technology is a double edged weapon. It provides vast opportunities but simultaneously introduces new vulnerabilities and threats, which may arise through computers, content and connectivity or, to put it differently, hardware, software, information and networks. Information superiority over our adversaries including militant and terrorist outfits is very essential. Non Lethal information weapons can black out communication systems, destroy valuable data and cripple the nation. Therefore, we have to act faster than any adversary. This requires defensive as well as offensive cyber warfare capabilities. Cyber warfare can be a full fledged war and vital infrastructure shall get targeted. To handle cyber wars, highest national level decision making is required, in real time and with full fall back options. For this purpose, basic building blocks include excellent monitoring tools for network traffic, web sites and databases, intrusio n detection, firewalls, encryption and decryption algorithms, public key infrastructure and remote access facilities. Offensive cyber warfare spans computer crimes and information terrorism. Everyone is under threat telephone, power supply, banks, transport, and the day to day needs. lt is important to create tools, awareness, and structures to assess threats to information resources, including military and economic espionage computer break-ins, denial-of-service, destruction and modification of data, distortion of information, forgery, control and disruption of information flow, electronic bombs, etc. ln essence, the thrust of the initiatives must lead to information assurance like life assurance. Defining Cyberwar Cyber Warfare. It is the sub-set of information warfare that involves actions taken within the cyber world. There are many cyber worlds, but the one most appropriate to cyber warfare is the Internet and related networks that share media with the Internet. Cyber Warfare as related to defence forces refers to conducting of military operations according to information related doctrine. It means disrupting or destroying information databases and communication systems. It means trying to know everything about the enemy while keeping the adversary from knowing much about oneself. It means turning the equilibrium of information and knowledge in ones favour especially if the balance of forces is not. It means using information so that less capital and labour may have to be expended. Cyberwar refers to conducting, and preparing to conduct, military operations according to information-related ideology. It means disrupting if not destroying the information and communications systems, broadly defined to include even military culture, on which an adversary relies in order to know itself: who it is, where it is, what it can do when, why it is combating, which threats to counter first, etc. It means trying to know all about an opponent while keeping it from knowing much about oneself. It means turning the balance of information and knowledge in ones favour. This form of warfare may involve diverse technologies-notably for C3I; for intelligence collection, processing, and distribution; for tactical communications, positioning, and identification-friend-or-foe (IFF); and for smart weapons systems-to give but a few examples. It may also involve electronically blinding, jamming, deceiving, overloading, and intruding into an adversarys information and communications circuit s. Yet cyberwar is not simply a set of measures based on technology. And it should not be confused with past meanings of computerized, automated, robotic, or electronic warfare. Cyber warfare requires different principles of warfare which have been derived from thousands of years of experience as documented by Sun Tzu, Clausewitz, Jomini, Liddell-Hart, and others. Some of the kinetic warfare principles apply to cyber warfare while some principles of kinetic warfare have no meaning in cyber warfare. Some principles of kinetic warfare may actually be antagonistic to cyber warfare. The various characteristics and principles of cyber warfare are as under: Waging cyber war is relatively cheap. Unlike traditional weapon technologies, acquiring information weapons does not require vast financial resources or state sponsorship. Boundaries are blurred in cyberspace. Traditional distinctions public versus private interests, warlike versus criminal behavior, geographic boundaries, such as those between nations tend to get lost in the chaotic and rapidly expanding world of cyberspace. Opportunities abound to manipulate perception in cyberspace. Political action groups and other nongovernment organisations can utilize the Internet to galvanize political support. Cyber war has no front line. Current trends suggest that the economy will increasingly rely on complex, interconnected network control systems for such necessities as oil and gas pipelines, electric grids, etc. and these will become vulnerable to cyber attacks. Cyber-warfare must have kinetic world effects. Cyber warfare is meaningless unless it affects someone or something in the non cyber world. Anonymity. Cyber warfare can be waged anonymously. Anonymity is the nature of new technologies, especially telecommunications. An anonymous attack creates two problems. Not only has a states national security been breached, but there is no one to hold accountable for the attack. Offensive Nature. Information technology and computer systems are vulnerable by nature. Therefore, taking defensive measures against the information warfare threat will always be difficult and costly. Improving the defense of information systems also contributes to the security dilemma since decreasing ones susceptibility to information warfare increases the attraction of using information warfare offensively. Cyberwar may have broad ramifications for military organization and doctrine. As noted, the literature on the information revolution calls for organizational innovations so that different parts of an institution function like interconnected networks rather than separate hierarchies. Thus cyberwar may imply some institutional redesign for a military in both intra- and inter-service areas. Moving to networked structures may require some decentralization of command and control, which may well be resisted in light of earlier views that the new technology would provide greater central control of military operations. But decentralization is only part of the picture; the new technology may also provide greater topsight-a central understanding of the big picture that enhances the management of complexity. Many treatments of organizational redesign laud decentralization; yet decentralization alone is not the key issue. The pairing of decentralization with topsight brings the real gains. Cyberwar may also imply developing new doctrines about what kinds of forces are needed, where and how to deploy them, and what and how to strike on the enemys side. How and where to position what kinds of computers and related sensors, networks, databases, etc. may become as important as the question used to be for the deployment of bombers and their support functions. Cyberwar may also have implications for the integration of the political and psychological with the military aspects of warfare. In sum, cyberwar may raise broad issues of military organization and doctrine, as well as strategy, tactics, and weapons design. It may be applicable in low- and high-intensity conflicts, in conventional and non-conventional environments, and for defensive or offensive purposes. As an innovation in warfare, I anticipate that cyberwar may be to the 21st century what blitzkrieg was to the 20th century. At a minimum, it represents an extension of the traditional importance of obtaining information in war-of having superior C3I, and of trying to locate, read, surprise, and deceive the enemy before he does the same to you. That remains important no matter what overall strategy is pursued. In this sense, the concept means that information-related factors are more important than ever due to new technologies Evolution of Cyber Warfare Since the early days of the Internet, there were individuals trying to compromise computer systems security via the network. Initially their activities were limited to defacement of web pages and motivated mostly by mere thrill seeking. In the 1990s political activists realized the potential for publicity coming with the attacks, and defacements carrying a political message became more frequent (Hacktivism). The palette of attack types also widened greatly, most notably some of them became aimed at bringing services or whole systems down, by generating excessive network traffic (denial of service, email bombardments). The first reported politically motivated cyber terrorist attack using a flood of emails was carried out by the Tamil Tigers against Sri Lankan embassies in 1998. It was successful, even as it did not bring targeted servers down, because more importantly it attracted worldwide media attention to the attackers cause. Activist groups involved in other struggles around the world soon followed with similar attempts. The diplomatic conflict between Pakistan and India over Kashmir has, since the late 1990s, been paralleled by a series of mutual cyber attacks. In the Middle East, every time political or military fight escalated between Israel and Palestinians, so did fights on the virtual battlefield. Both sides have used sophisticated techniques and well planned strategies for their cyber attacks. Pro-Palestinian attacks have been carried out by a number of terrorist groups (some of which even came up with the term cyber jihad), and pro-Jewish ones might have been coordinated by the state of Israel, though there is no clear evidence to support that. Studies have shown that Israel leads the list of countries in terms of numbers of conducted computer attacks per 10,000 Internet users. This brings us to the newest trend in cyber warfare: cyber attacks carried out by hacker groups inspired, coordinated, funded and supplied with resources by nation states. They are usually large scale and prolonged operations targeting specific systems within enemy structures. Probably the first of this type of attacks took place during the NATO air strikes against targets in Former Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo violence in 2000. Targeted were all 100 of NATO servers, each subject to excessive network traffic originating mostly from Serbia, as well as Russia and China its supporters in the conflict. The cyber attacks caused serious disruptions in NATOs communication and services, lasting several days, but did not directly affect the bombing campaign. These days cyber warfare still mostly consists of uncoordinated cyber terrorism acts performed by groups whose main aim is publicity and media coverage. Gradually though the nature of cyber warfare is going to change into activities coordinated and paid for by nation states and large international terrorist networks. We can expect attacks trying to exploit vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure like telecommunication systems, airports, power plants, oil and gas infrastructure, supply of water, and military systems. In the coming years we are likely to see a quick rise in the number of cyber battles and one can imagine that in the future wars are going to be fought without dropping bombs and firing missiles. CHAPTER III GLOBAL THREAT IN CYBERSPACE Threats in cyberspace There are four fundamental categories of threats to our information and information infrastructure, characterised by the degree of structure in their attack capability and the measure of trust or access that the threat enjoys. These categories are: Unstructured External Threats. These are individual or small group of attackers who rely heavily on others tools and published vulnerabilities. They attack targets of opportunity and lack persistence against difficult targets. Structured External Threats. These are coordinated attackers i.e. hostile intelligence agencies or organised crime syndicates, which possess a deep technical knowledge of the target, strong motivation, and the capability to mount combination attacks using multiple complex tactics and techniques. Non Malicious Internal Threats. These are accidental breaches of security caused due to ignorance or malfunctioning of system. Malicious Internal Threats. Here the attackers are trusted members of the org or a less trusted support worker with some degree of access. The threats can also be classified under the following heads: